SIR RALPH SADLEIR (1507-1587) AND THE ROUGH WOOING

All things are connected, especially in the matter of family trees. I was writing recently about my Angus ancestors, related to me by marriage through my 3x great uncle Joseph Angus. The Earls of Angus built and lived in Tantallon Castle, which holds a tremendously dramatic position on a cliff-edged promontory on the coast east of Edinburgh.

While I was checking my facts about the castle, the name of my 12x great uncle Sir Ralph Sadleir cropped up. I’m related to Ralph through the grandfather of my paternal grandmother, and to Joseph through the great aunt of my paternal grandfather; so it’s rather nice to see both lines colliding some 376 years earlier than they eventually did at the birth of my father.

Sir Ralph Sadleir (1507-1587) painted on a panel in the Old Hall at Everley House, Wiltshire

In 1543 the Scottish royal court was an ants’ nest of intrigue. James V had died at the end of the previous year, and his daughter the infant Mary, now Queen of Scots, was the focus of frenzied political activity. Henry VIII, king of neighbouring England, wanted to negotiate a marriage between the baby Mary (six days old when her father died) and his son Edward, Prince of Wales, a mature five-year old.

Henry saw an opportunity to consolidate his power in the region and simultaneously neutralise Scotland as a traditional ally of his enemy France. He had a number of aces up his sleeve. A month before James’s death Henry had decisively defeated a Scottish army at the battle of Solway Moss, capturing rank upon rank of Scottish nobility. The Scottish earls and lords were well treated in captivity – Henry gave each one a gold chain for Christmas, for example – and many were released early in 1543 in the expectation that they would support Henry’s match-making.

Henry VIII (1491-1547) depicted in 1542

Meanwhile the Douglas family, Earls of Angus, had been living in exile in England since 1529 after staging an unsuccessful coup d’etat against James V with support from Henry VIII (who had also, years earlier, encouraged their attempt to kidnap the young James  and spirit him away to England). Angus’s affiliation to England should not have been a surprise – the 6^th Earl had married James IV’s widow Margaret Tudor, Henry VIII’s big sister. Following James V’s death, the Douglas family returned en masse to Scotland and took up residence in Tantallon once more.

Henry had all these potential allies now placed in the Scottish court. But how could he trust them to act on whatever promises they had made while in captivity or exile in England? Enter 12x great uncle Ralph. Sadleir, the English king’s ambassador to Scotland, was to be Henry’s enforcer. He was a seasoned political worker, having learned his craft under Thomas Cromwell.

Ralph spent most of 1543 adroitly moving between the various factions within the Scottish court, sifting out the political traps being laid for him by many of them. In all of it he used one man in particular as a sounding board: Sir George Douglas, the 7^th Earl of Angus’s brother.

Signature of Sir George Douglas, Master of Angus (d. 1552)

It’s clear that the men knew each other well, presumably from Douglas’s time in exile. Sadleir wrote long reports back to Henry which are peppered with references to discreet walks with Douglas in the gardens of Blackfriars in Edinburgh. In his first, of 20^th March 1543, Ralph writes:

I told Mr Douglas that I longed to speak with him and had much to commune with him from your majesty. … ‘Marry,’ quoth he, ‘I have laboured with all my power to do the king’s majesty service, … wherein I have always pretended outwardly the commonwealth of Scotland, and spake not much of England, because I would not be suspected.’

So two of my ancestral lines were in cahoots over the fate of Mary Queen of Scots! And when Ralph Sadleir had successfully negotiated the Treaty of Greenwich that summer (which agreed peace between the two countries and the marriage of Mary and Edward), he left Edinburgh and went to stay at Tantallon Castle to relax after a job well done.

Tantallon Castle, where Angus and Sadleir relaxed in late 1543

In December Sadleir was recalled from Tantallon to London when the Scottish parliament rejected the Treaty (which had been agreed only by Henry’s tame Scottish nobility). Henry was furious at the thwarting of his marriage plans, and there followed seven years of warfare between England and Scotland, known as the Rough Wooing. Ralph Sadleir was appointed treasurer-general of the English army; and some say that as that army marched north into Scotland, it passed Tantallon by instead of ransacking it, in recognition of the services of the Douglas family.

ALICE ANGUS (active 1605) AND HER PUB WITH ROOMS

GENEALOGY ALERT! My use of the word "cousin" in this article is not geneologically accurate, and intended more to reflect general kinship. Richard Angus's father remains unidentified, unfortunately; but the events and people described here are all real. Enjoy the story. For a really thorough Angus genealogy, you can do no better than look here.

My 3x great uncle Joseph Angus came from a noble line, the Earls of Angus who lived in Tantallon Castle near Edinburgh. One ancestor, a contemporary of his 7x great grandfather, was Archibald Doulgas, the 8^th Earl (1555-1588).

Tantallon Castle, East Lothian, built c1350 by William Douglas, 1^st Earl of Douglas and father of the 1^st Earl of Angus

These were turbulent times in Scotland in the late sixteenth century. The Scottish Reformation of 1560 saw the previously Catholic Church of Scotland break with the papacy of Rome. Instead, it adopted the Protestant ideas proposed by John Knox and based on the principles of John Calvin; but the king, James VI, had different ideas and under pressure from some of his nobles his “Black Acts” of 1584 reintroduced the Bishops which Calvinism rejected.

James VI of Scotland aged 20, in 1586; he was crowned king at the age of 13 months, and in his minority his regents included the Earls of Mar, Lennox and Morton

Archibald Angus was profoundly Protestant in his religious thinking, something which brought him into frequent conflict with his king. He even tried to arrange an English invasion of Scotland to rescue his uncle the Earl of Morton. Morton had been imprisoned for his part in the murder of James VI’s father, Mary Queen of Scots’ unpopular second husband Lord Darnley. Morton was beheaded and Angus felt it wise to live in exile in London for a year.

Somehow Archibald survived the association with his disgraced uncle and was allowed to return to Tantallon. But when in 1584 he joined a new rebellion against King James led by the Earls of Mar and Gowrie, which was defeated by the Earl of Arran, he had to leave the country once again.

Archibald fled to Northumberland, along with his cousin Richard (Joseph Angus’s 7x great grandfather) and Richard’s wife Alice. When Archibald continued south to London, Richard and Alice remained in the northeast of England. Perhaps Richard did not share his cousin Archibald’s Protestant position; rather surprisingly he and Alice settled in Dilston in County Durham, which was the stronghold of a staunchly Catholic family, the Radcliffes.

Dilston Castle, built c1417, home since c1480 of the Radcliffes of Derwentwater

Archibald Angus managed to patch things up with James VI, and he, Mar and Gowrie returned to Scotland in 1586 at the head of an army which helped rid James of the Earl of Arran, who had by now fallen from favour. Angus served out his days as lieutenant-general of the lawless country of the Scotland-England border, and died in 1588, allegedly as a result of withcraft.

Archibald was succeeded as Earl by another cousin, William Douglas. Perhaps things were just too hot for comfort in Scotland for less lofty members of the rebellious Angus family: Richard and Alice, who had fled with Archibald, remained in Dilston for the rest of their lives, as tenant farmers of Sir Francis Radcliffe.

They seem to have survived by keeping their heads down. Although removed from Scottish intrigue they found themselves at the heart of another Protestant-Catholic clash when Sir Francis Radcliffe (described, at the time, as ‘an obstinate, dangerous and not unlearned recusant’) was imprisoned for his Catholic faith during the last years of the reign of Elizabeth I. His lands were confiscated.

Chapel of St Mary Magdalene, Dilston, built by Sir Francis Radcliffe in 1616, reputedly with funds originally raised to support the Gunpowder Plot (in which Sir Francis was accused of complicity)

Richard and Alice outlived both Archibald and his successor, and saw Sir Francis released in 1603 (his estates were restored to him a few years later), under a general pardon when James VI of Scotland became James I of England.

After Richard died in 1604, his widow Alice was awarded a license to brew ale and run a lodging house in Dilston - what today would be called a pub with rooms. It was a far cry from Tantallon Castle (where Richard had been born in 1523), but from Richard’s farm and Alice’s inn the family rebuilt its fortunes and became by the mid-nineteenth century pillars of the Northumbrian community. Sadly there’s no trace of the Dilston inn today.